Visual Literacy in Teaching and Learning Research Paper

Visual Literacy in Teaching and Learning - Research Paper Example It alludes to a gathering of vision abilities which people create by observing and coordinating other tangible encounters simultaneously. Obviously, the improvement of these abilities is essential to typical human learning. In such manner, when these skills are created, they empower individuals who are outwardly educated to separate and decipher noticeable activities, images, articles, regardless of whether or regular or man-made, that they experience in their condition (Elkins, 2007). Through the innovative utilization of these skills, individuals can speak with others viably. Examination has demonstrated that the utilization of visuals in encouraging improve figuring out how to a bigger degree. Appropriate usage of visuals brings about a more prominent level of learning. This paper looks at the use of visual proficiency in the instructing and learning process as a contemporary issue in visual education. Portrayal of visual proficiency in educating and learning In the ongoing years, there has been a huge increment in the utilization of visual components in instructing and learning processes.... What's more, visuals, for example, illustrations, pictures and other visual procedures utilized today are intended to increment learners’ understanding of abstract writings. Pictures, graphs, maps and charts are among the normal visual instruments which are broadly utilized for powerful learning. Through works of art, funny cartoons and making montages, students can show elevated levels of perception and can interface visuals with messages (Bull and Anstey, 2006). Tattoos are likewise used to speak to different scholarly characters. Legitimate consideration ought to consistently be taken while choosing a fitting visual instrument to utilize. Be that as it may, inclination ought to be given to shading illustrations in that highly contrasting designs are liked. Film is additionally another compelling type of visual guide utilized in instructing and learning. Visuals help understudies to center and have complete consideration to the photos and the going with words. Beginning of v isual proficiency in instructing and learning It is important that despite the fact that there has been expanded combination of visual upgrade in the instructive procedure in the ongoing years, the thought is anything but another one. In this domain, the reconciliation of visual and verbal data is apparent from the beginning of time. For example, prestigious instructors and thinkers of old time plainly showed thankfulness for visual upgrades. Aristotle once noticed that it is difficult to think without picture (Bull and Anstey, 2006). A famous old painter, Leonardo da Vinci, as well, perceived the significance of visuals. He deciphered words from different viewpoints into drawings (Bull and Anstey, 2006) Also, in order characters started as pictures that delineated different implications. These images delineated man-made language without qualifications among pictures and words. It is as it were

Division of Labor Essay -- essays research papers

Marx's View of the Division of Labor The Division of Labor is a subject which has intrigued social researchers for centuries. Prior to the coming of present day times, logicians and scholars worried about the ramifications of the thought. Plato saw as a definitive type of society a network where social capacities would be unbendingly isolated and kept up; society would be separated into positive useful gatherings: warriors, craftsmans, incompetent workers, rulers. St. Paul, in his first letter to the congregation at Corinth, ventured to such an extreme as to depict the widespread Church regarding a body: there are hands, feet, eyes, and all are under the head, Christ. Any individual who plans to manage the investigation of society must think about the subject of the division of work. Karl Marx was no exemption. Marx was in excess of a minor financial specialist. He was a social researcher in the full importance of the expression. The core of his framework depended on the possibility of human creation. Humanity, Marx attested, is an absolutely independent animal categories - being, and as such man is the sole maker of the world wherein he gets himself. A man can't be characterized separated from his work: "As people express their life, so they are. What they are, thusly, corresponds with their creation, both with what they produce and with how they produce."1 The very certainty that man normally composes creation is the thing that recognizes him from the collective of animals, as indicated by Marx. The idea of creation was a sort of scholarly "Archimedean point" for Marx. Each circle of human life must be deciphered regarding this single thought: "Religion, family, state, law, science, craftsmanship, and so forth., are just specific methods of cre ation, and fall under its general law."2 Given this absolute dependence on the idea of human work, it is very reasonable why the division of work assumed such a significant job in the general Marxian structure. Property versus Work Marx had a dream of an ideal human culture. In this sense, Martin Buber was completely right in remembering a section for Marx in his Paths in Utopia. Marx had confidence in the presence of a general public which went before recorded mankind's history. In this world, men encountered no feeling of estrangement in light of the fact that there was no distanced creation. By one way or another (and here Marx was rarely clear) men fell into examples of distanced creation, and fr... ...of Revolution (Nutley, New Jersey: Craig Press, 1968), p. 112. 7 German Ideology, pp. 44-45. 8 Critique of the Gotha Program (1875), in Marx-Engels Selected Works, II, p. 24. This is one of only a handful hardly any spots in which Marx introduced some image of the post-Revolutionary world. 9 Ibid. 10 Ludwig Yon Mises, Socialism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, [1922] 1951), p. 164. 11 Maurice Cornforth, Marxism and the Linguistic Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1965), p. 327. 12 German Ideology, p. 84. 13 Murray N. Rothbard, "Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty," Left and Right, 1 (1965), p. 8. 14 "On the Jewish Question," (1843-44), in T. B. Bottomore, Karl Marx: Early Writings (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), pp. 34-40. 15 G. D. H. Cole, The Meaning of Marxism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1948] 1964), p. 249. 16 Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed (1936), cited by F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (University of Chicago Press, 1944), p. 119. 17 Mises, Socialism, pp. 60-62. Republished with authorization from The Freeman, a distribution of The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc., January 1969, Vol. 19, No. 1.

Comprehensive Guide on Data Mining (and Data Mining Techniques)

Comprehensive Guide on Data Mining (and Data Mining Techniques) © Shutterstock.com | ScandinavianStockJust hearing the phrase “data mining” is enough to make your average aspiring entrepreneur or new businessman cower in fear or, at least, approach the subject warily. It sounds like something too technical and too complex, even for his analytical mind, to understand.Out of nowhere, thoughts of having to learn about highly technical subjects related to data haunts many people. Many cave in and just opt to find other people to take care of that aspect for them. Worse, in other cases, they pay little attention to it, thinking they can get away with not having anything to do with data mining in their business.Once they try to understand what data mining really is, they will realize that it is something that cannot be ignored or overlooked, since it is part and parcel of the management of a business or organization.Businesses cannot do away with implementing or applying various business intelligence methodologies, applications and technologies in order to gather and analyze data providing relevant information about the market, the industry, or the operations of the business. It just so happens that data mining is one of the most important aspects of business intelligence.WHAT IS DATA MINING?Forget about any highly technical definition you may associate with data mining and let us look at it for the relatively simple concept that it truly is. Data mining is basically the process of subjecting available data to analysis by looking at it from different perspectives, to convert it into information that will be useful in the management of a business and its operations.A simple way to describe data mining is that it is a process that aims to make sense of data by looking for patterns and relationships, so that it can be used in making business decisions.For the longest time, many people have associated data mining with the image of a set of high-end computers utilizing equally high-end software and technology to obtain data and p rocess them. This isn’t entirely wrong, because technology is definitely a huge and integral part of data mining. However, data mining is actually a broader concept, not just limited to the use of technology and similar tools.Perhaps one of the biggest reasons why many are intimidated by the very mention and idea of data mining is the fact that it involves more than one or two disciplines. When we talk of data mining, we are talking about database management and maintenance, which automatically means the involvement or use of database software and technologies. Thus, it also often entails machine learning and heavy reliance on information science and technology.Further, the analysis of data, especially of the numerical kind, is bound to make use of statistics, which is another area that some people find complicated. This will also demand a lot in terms of visualization.In short, being involved in data mining implies dipping one’s fingers and toes in more than a few rivers, so to speak, since it entails the use or application of multiple disciplines. This is what often makes data mining a challenge in the eyes of most people.We can gain a deeper understanding of what data mining is by talking about its five major elements.Extraction, transformation and uploading of the data to a data warehouse system.Data storage and management in a database system.Data access to analysts and other users.Data analysis using various software, tools and technologies.Data presentation in a useful and comprehensible format.IMPORTANCE OF DATA MININGBusinesses, organizations and industries share the same problems when it comes to data. Either they aren’t able the find the data that they require or, even if they know where to find it, they have difficulty actually getting their hands on it. In other cases, they may have access to the data, but they cannot understand it. Worse, the data may be readily available to them, and they may be able to have comprehension of it.However, fo r some reason or another, they find that they are unable to use the data.This is where data mining comes in.The main reason why data mining is very important is to facilitate the conversion of raw data into information that, in turn, will be converted into knowledge applicable for decision-making processes of businesses.Data mining has become increasingly important, especially in recent years, when nearly all industries and sectors all over the world are facing problems on data explosion. All of a sudden, there is simply too much data, and this rapid rise in the amount of data demands a corresponding increase in the amount of information and knowledge. Thus, there is a need to quickly, efficiently and effectively process all that data into usable information, and data mining offers the solution. In fact, you could say that data mining is the solution.You will find data mining to be most often used or applied in organizations or businesses that maintain fairly large to massive databa ses. The sheer size of their databases and the amount of information contained within them require more than a small measure of organization and analysis, which is where data mining comes in. Through data mining, users are able to look at data from multiple perspectives in their analysis. It will also make it easier to categorize the information processed and identify relevant patterns, relationships or correlations among the various fields the data or information belong to.Therefore, we can deduce that data mining involves tasks of a descriptive and predictive nature. Descriptive, because it involves the identification of patterns, relationships and correlations within large amounts of data, and predictive, because its application utilizes variables that are used to predict their future or unknown values. APPLICATIONS OF DATA MININGThe application of data mining is apparent across sectors and industries.Retail and ServiceThe sale of consumer goods and services in the retail and ser vice industries results in the collection of large amounts of data. The primary purpose of using data mining in these industries is to improve the firm’s customer relationship management, its supply chain management and procurement processes, its financial management, and also its core operations (which is sales).The most common areas where data mining becomes highly effective among retail and service provider companies include:Promotion Effectiveness Analysis, where the company will gather and analyze data on past successful (and unsuccessful or moderately successful) campaigns or promotions, and the costs and benefits that the campaigns provided to the company. This will give the firm an insight on what elements will increase the chances of a campaign or promotion being successful.Customer Segmentation Analysis, where the firm will take a look at the responses of the customers â€" classified in appropriate segments â€" to shifts or any changes in demographics or some other segme ntation basis.Product Pricing, where data mining will play a vital role in the firm’s product pricing policies and price models.Inventory Control, where data mining is used in monitoring and analyzing the movements in inventory levels with respect safety stock and lot size. Lead time analysis also greatly relies on data mining.Budgetary Analysis, where companies will need to compare actual expenditures to the budgeted expenses. Incidentally, knowledge obtained through data mining will be used in budgeting for subsequent periods.Profitability Analysis, where data mining is used to compare and evaluate the profitability of the different branches, stores, or any appropriate business unit of the company. This will enable management to identify the most profitable areas of the business, and decide accordingly.ManufacturingEssentially, the areas where data mining is applied in manufacturing companies are similar to those in retail and service companies. However, manufacturing businesses also use data mining for its quality improvement (QI) initiatives, where data obtained through quality improvement programs such as Six Sigma and Kaizen, to name a few, are analyzed in order to solve any issues or problems that the company may be having with regards to product quality.Finance and InsuranceBanks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions and organizations are also actively using data mining in its business intelligence initiatives. Risk Management is generally the area where data mining is most utilized. This time, data mining is used to recognize and subsequently reduce credit and market risks that financial institutions are almost always faced with. Other risks assessed with the help of data mining include liquidity risk and operational risk.For example, banks and credit card companies use data mining for credit analysis of customers. Insurance companies are mostly concerned with gaining knowledge through claims and fraud analysis.Telecommunication and UtilitiesOrganizations engaged in providing utilities services are also recipients of the benefits of data mining. For example, telecommunication companies are most likely to conduct call record analysis. Electric and water companies also perform power usage or consumption analysis through data mining.The global popularity of cellular phones in almost all transactions has made it a playground for many hackers and security threats. This spurred Coral Systems, a Colorado-based company, to create FraudBuster, which is described to be able to “track” down the types of fraud through data mining, specifically through analysis of cellular phone usage patterns in relation to fraud.TransportIn the transport industry, it is mainly all about logistics, which is why that is the area where data mining is most applied. Thus, logistics management benefits greatly from data mining. State or government transport agencies are also using data mining for its various projects, such as road construc tion and rehabilitation, traffic control, and the like.PropertyThe real estate industry heavily relies on information gleaned from property valuations which, in turn, resulted from the application of data mining. The focus is not entirely on the bottomline or the sales. Instead, data on property valuation trends over the years, as well as comparison on appraisals, are tackled.Healthcare and Medical IndustryEvery day, researches, studies and experiments are conducted in the healthcare and medical industry, which implies that there are tons of data being generated every single day. Data mining is often an integral part of those researches and studies.STEPS IN DATA MININGData mining is a process, which means that anyone using it should go through a series of iterative  steps or phases. The number of steps vary, with some packing the whole process within 5 steps. The one below involves 8 steps, primarily because we have broken down the phases into smaller parts. For example, steps #2 th rough #5 are lumped by other sources as a single step, which they call “Data Pre-processing”.For purposes of this discussion, however, let us take each step one at a time.Step #1: Defining the ProblemBefore you can get started on anything, you have to define the objectives of the data mining process you are about to embark on. What do you hope to accomplish with the data mining process? What problems do you want to address? What will the organization or business ultimately obtain from it as benefit?Step #2: Data IntegrationIt starts with the data, or the raw tidbit about an item, event, transaction or activity.The goal is to provide the users (those who are performing data mining) a unified view of the data, regardless of whether they are from single or multiple sources.This step involves:Identification of all possible sources of data. Chances are high that the initial list of sources will be quite long and heterogeneous. Integrating these data sources will save you a lot of tim e and resources later on in the process.Collection of data. Data are gathered from the sources previously identified and integrated. Usually, data obtained from multiple sources are merged.Data integration aims to lower the potential number and frequency of data redundancy and duplications in the data set and, consequently, improve the efficiency (speed) and effectiveness (accuracy) of the data mining process.Step #3: Data SelectionAfter the first step, it is highly probable that you will be faced with a mountain of data, a large chunk of which are not really relevant or even useful for data mining purposes. You have to weed out those that you won’t need, so you can focus on the data that will be of actual use later on.Create a target data set. The target data set establishes the parameters of the data that you will need or require for data mining.Select the data. From all the data gathered, identify those that fall within the data set you just targeted. Those are the data you wil l subject to pre-processing.Step #4: Data CleaningAlso called “data cleansing” and “data scrubbing”, this is where the data selected will be prepared and pre-processed, which is very important before it can undergo any data mining technique or approach.Some data mining processes refer to data cleaning as the first of a two-step data pre-processing phase.Data obtained, in their raw form, have a tendency to contain errors, inaccuracies and inconsistencies. Some may even prove to be incomplete or missing some values. Basically, the quality of the data is compromised. It is for these reasons that various techniques are employed to “clean” them up. After all, poor or low quality data is unreliable for data mining.One of the biggest reasons for these errors is the data source. If data came from a single source, the most common quality problems that require cleaning up are:Data entry errors, mostly attributed to ‘human’ factor, or error of the person in charge of the input of data into the data warehouse. They could range from simple misspellings to duplication of entries and data redundancy.Lack of integrity constraints, such as uniqueness and referential integrity. Since there is only one source of data, there is no way of ascertaining whether the data is unique or not. In the same way, duplication and inconsistency may arise due to the lack of referential integrity.Similarly, data obtained from multiple sources also have quality problems.Naming conflicts, often resulting from the fact that there are multiple sources of the same data, but named differently. The risk is that there may be data duplication brought about by the different names. Or it could be the other way around. More than one or two sources may use the same name for two sets of data that are completely unrelated or different from each other.Inconsistent aggregating, or contradictions arising from data being obtained from different sources. Duplications of data may result to them cance ling each other out.Inconsistent timing, where data may tend to overlap among each other, resulting to more confusion. The data then becomes unreliable. For example, data on shopping history of a customer may overlap when sourced from various shopping sites or portals.Cleaning up data often involves performing data profiling, or examining the available data and their related statistics and information, to determine their actual content, quality and structure.Other techniques used are clustering and various statistical approaches. Once the data has been cleaned, there is a need to update the record with the clean version.Step #5: Data TransformationThis is considered to be the second data pre-processing step. Other authors even describe data transformation as part of the data cleaning process.Despite having “cleaned” the data, they may still be incapable of being mined. To make the clean data ready for mining, they have to be transformed and consolidated accordingly. Basically, t he source data format is converted into “destination data”, a format recognizable and usable when using data mining techniques later on.The most common data transformation techniques used are:Smoothing. This method removes “noise” or inconsistencies in data. “Noise” is defined as a “random error or variance in a measured variable. Smoothing often entails performing tasks or operations that are also performed in data cleaning, such as:Binning. In this method, smoothing is done by referring to the ‘neighborhood’ of the chosen data value, and categorically distribute them in ‘bins’. This neighborhood essentially refers to the values around the chosen data value. Sorting the values in bins or buckets will smooth out the noise.Clustering. This operation is performed by organizing values into clusters or groups, ordinarily according to a certain characteristic or variable. In short, data values that are similar will belong to one cluster. This will smooth and remove any data noise.Regression. As a method for smoothing noise in data values, linear regression works by determining the best line to fit two variables and, in the process, improve their predictive value. Multiple regression, on the other hand, also works, but involves more than two variables.Aggregation. This involves the application of summarization tactics on data to further reduce its bulk and streamline processes. Usually, this operation is used to create a data cube, which will then be used later for analysis of data. A common example is how a retail company summarizes or aggregates its sales data periodically per period. Therefore, they have data on daily, weekly, monthly and annual sales.Generalization. Much like aggregation, generalization also leads to reduction of data size. The low-level or raw data are identified and subsequently replaced with higher-level data. An example is when data values on customer age is replaced by the higher level data concept of grouping them as pre-teen, teen, middle-aged, and senior. In a similar manner, raw data on families’ annual income may be generalized and transformed into higher-level concepts such as low-level, mid-level, or high-income level families.Normalization or Standardization. Data variations and differences can also have an impact of data quality. Large gaps can cause problems when data mining techniques are finally applied. Thus, there is a need to normalize them. Normalization is performed by specifying a small and acceptable range (the standard), and scaling the data in order to ensure they fall within that range.Examples of normalization tactics employed are Min-Max Normalization, Z-Score Normalization, and Normalization by Decimal Scaling.Step #6: Data MiningData mining techniques will now be employed to identify the patterns, correlations or relationships within and among the database. This is the heart of the entire data mining process, involving extraction of data patterns using various methods and operations.The choice on which data mining approach or operation to use will largely depend on the objective of the entire data mining process.The most common data mining techniques will be discussed later in the article.Step #7: Pattern EvaluationThe pattern, correlations and relationships identified through data mining techniques are inspected, evaluated and analyzed. Evaluation is done by using “interestingness” parameters or measures in figuring out which patterns are truly interesting and relevant or impactful enough to become a body of useful knowledge.The interpretation in this stepwill formally mark the transformation of a mere information into an entire “bag of knowledge”.Step #8: Knowledge PresentationThe knowledge resulting from the evaluation and interpretation will now have to be presented to stakeholders. Presentation is usually done through visualization techniques and other knowledge representation mechanisms. Once presented, the knowledge may, or will, b e used in making sound business decisions. DATA MINING TECHNIQUESOver the years, as the concept of data mining evolved, and technology has become more advanced, more and more techniques and tools were introduced to facilitate the process of data analysis. In Step #5 of the Data Mining process, the mining of the transformed data will make use of various techniques, as applicable.Below are some of the most commonly used techniques or tasks in data mining, classified whether they are descriptive or predictive in nature.Descriptive Mining TechniquesClustering or Cluster AnalysisClustering is, quite possibly, one of the oldest data mining techniques, and also one of the most effective and simplest to perform. As briefly described earlier, it involves grouping data values that have something in common, or have a similarity, together in a meaningful subset or group, which are referred to as “clusters”.The grouping or clustering in this technique is natural, meaning there are no predefi ned classes or groups where the data values are distributed or clustered into.Perhaps the most recognizable example of clustering used as a data mining tool is in market research, particularly in market segmentation, where the market is divided into unique segments. For instance, a manufacturer of cosmetic and skin care products for females may cluster its customer data values into segments based on the age of the users. Most likely the main clusters may include teens, young adults, middle age and mature.Association Rule DiscoveryThe purpose of this technique is to provide insight on the relationships and correlations that associate or bind a set of items or data values in a large database. Analysis of data is done mostly by looking for patterns and correlations.Customer behavior is a prime example of the application of Association Rules in data mining. Businesses analyze customer behavior in order to make decisions on key areas such as product price points and product features to b e offered.Incidentally, this technique may also be predictive, such as when it is used to predict customer behavior in response to changes. For example, if the company decides to launch a new product in the market, how will the consumers receive it? Association Rules may help in making hypotheses on how the customers will accept the new product.Sequential Pattern DiscoveryThis mining technique is slightly similar to the Association Rule technique, in the sense that the focus is on the discovery of interesting relationships or associations among data values in a database. However, unlike Association Rule, Sequential Pattern Discovery considers order or sequence within a transaction and even within an organization.Sequence Discovery or Sequence Rules is often applied to data contained in sequence databases, where the values are presented in order. In the example about customer behavior, this technique may be used to get a detailed picture of the sequence of events that a customer foll ows when making a purchase. He may have a specific sequence on what product he purchases first, then second, then third, and so on.Concept or Class DescriptionThis technique is straightforward enough, focusing on “characterization” and “discrimination” (which is why it is also referred to often as the Characterization and Discrimination technique. Data, or its characteristics, are generalized and summarized, and subsequently compared and contrasted.A data mining system is expected to be able to come up with a descriptive summary of the characteristics or data values. That is the data characterization aspect.For example, a company planning to expand its operations overseas is wondering which location would be most appropriate. Should they open an overseas branch in a county that experiences precipitation and storms for a greater half of the year, or should they pick a location that is mostly dry and arid throughout the year? Data characteristics on these two regions will be l ooked into for their descriptions, and then compared (or discriminated) for similarities and differences.Predictive Mining TechniquesClassificationThis method has several similarities with Clustering, which leads many to assume that they are one and the same. However, what makes them different is how, in Classification, there are already predetermined and pre-labeled instances, groups or classes. In clustering, the clusters are defined first, and the data values are put into the clusters they belong to. In classification, there are already pre-defined groups and, of course, it in these groups where the data values will be sorted into.In Classification, the data values will be segregated to the grouping or instances and be used in making predictions on how each of the data values will behave, depending on that of the other items within the class.An example is in medical research when analyzing the most common diseases that a country’s population suffers from. The classifications of diseases are already existing, and all that is left is for the researchers to collect data on the symptoms suffered by the population and classify them under the appropriate types of diseases.Nearest Neighbor AnalysisThis predictive technique is also similar to clustering in the sense that it involves taking the chosen data value in context of the other values around it. While clustering involves data values in extremely close proximity with each other, seeing as they belong to the same cluster, the nearest neighbor is more on the nearness of the data values being matched or compared to the chosen data value.In the cosmetic and skin care product manufacturing company example cited above, this technique may be used when the company wants to figure out which of their products are the bestsellers in their many locations or branches. If Product A is the bestseller in Location 1, and Location 10 is where Product J is selling like hot cakes, then the chances are greater that Location 2, which is nearer to Location 1 than Location 10 is, will also record higher sales for Product A more than Product J.RegressionRegression techniques come in handy when trying to determine relationships dependent and independent variables. It is a popular technique primarily because of its predictive capabilities, which is why you are likely to see it applied in business planning, marketing, budgeting, and financial forecasting, among others.Simple linear regression, which contains only one predictor (independent variable) and one dependent variable, resulting to a prediction. Presented graphically, the regression model that demonstrates a shorter distance or line between the X-axis (the predictor) and the Y-axis (the prediction or data point) will be the simple linear regression model to be used for predictive purposes.Multiple linear regression, which aims to predict the value of the responses or predictions with respect to multiple independent variables or predictors. Compared to th e simple regression, this is fairly more complicated and work-intensive, since it deals with a larger data set.Regression analysis is often used in data mining for purposes of predicting customer behavior in making purchases using their credit cards, or making an estimate of how long a manufacturing equipment will remain serviceable before it requires a major overhaul or repair. In the latter example, the company may plan and budget its expenditure on repairs and maintenance of equipment accordingly, and maybe even assess the feasibility of purchasing a new equipment instead of repeatedly spending more money on maintenance of the old one.So, now here is the fun stuff (hint: its the video :-). Decision TreesWhat makes this predictive technique very popular is its visual presentation of data values in a tree. The tree represents the original set of data, which are then segmented or divided into the branches, with each leaf representing a segment. The prediction is the result of a seri es of decisions, presented in the tree diagrams as a Yes/No question.What makes this model even more preferred is how the segments come with descriptions. This versatility â€" offering both descriptive and predictive value in an easy-to-understand presentation â€" is the main reason why decision trees are gaining much traction in data mining and database management, in general.Outlier AnalysisIn instances where there are already established models or general behavior expected from data objects, data mining may be done by taking a look at the exceptions or, in this case, what we call the “outliers”. These are the data objects that do not fall within the established model or do not comply with the expected general behavior. The result of these deviations may prove to be data that can be used as a body of knowledge later on.A classic example of applying outlier analysis is in credit card fraud detection. The shopping history of a specific customer already provides an e-tailer (onli ne retail store) a set of general behavioral data to base on. When trying to find if the fraudulent purchases have been made using the credit card of that customer, the focus of the analysis will be unusual purchases in his shopping history, such as surprisingly large amounts spent on a single purchase, or the unusual purchase of a specific item that is completely unrelated to all previous purchases.If the customer, for the past three years, has made a purchase at least once in every 2 months, a single month with the customer purchasing more than two or three times is enough to raise a red flag that his credit card may have been stolen and being improperly and fraudulently used.Evolution AnalysisWhen the data to be subjected to mining inherently changes or evolves over time, and the goal is to establish a clear pattern that will help in predicting the future behavior of the data object, a recommended approach is evolution analysis.Evolution analysis involves the identification, desc ription and modeling of trends, patterns and other regularities with respect to the behavior of data objects as they evolve or change. Thus, you will often find this applied the mining and analysis of time-series data. Stock market trends, specifically on stock prices in the stock market, are subjected to time-series analysis. The output will enable investors and stock market analysts to predict the future trend of the stock market, and this will ultimately guide them in making their stock investment decisions.There are a lot of other techniques used in data mining, and we named only a few of the most popular and the most commonly used approaches. Application of these techniques also require the use of other disciplines and tools, such as statistics, mathematics, and software management.The success of a business rides a lot on how good management is at decision-making. And let us not forget that a decision will only be as good as the quality of the information or knowledge tapped in to by the decision-makers. High quality information will rely heavily on how the collection, processing and evaluation of data. If data mining was unsuccessful or less than effective in the first place, then there is a great chance that the resulting “bag of knowledge” will not be as accurate and effective as well, and poor business decisions may be arrived at.

Picasso At The Lapin Agile Essay - 761 Words

Picasso at the Lapin Agile From the time you enter the Falk Theatre, until the curtain rises and falls on the production of Picasso at the Lapin Agile, you are in for a treat. The play is an original work by Steve Martin with a running time of 90minutes, which feels more like 30minutes. Aside from the uncomfortable seating, this production is nothing short of wonderful. The Theatre has been transformed from a long movie Theater atmosphere to a quaint surrounding by means of risers that are placed directly on the stage. The new seating divides the old Theater in half and allows for the actors and the audience to share the same space. Not only this atmosphere that makes it wonderful but also the performances, the direction, the design†¦show more content†¦In the set design, we first see the use of layering, with a large cyclorama that has been painted onto a piece of scrim to allow for a visual effect at the end of the play. The painting depicts a beautiful scene of â€Å"sheep in a meadow in the fogâ € , with a wall to represent the interior of the â€Å"Lapin Agile† containing a painting of â€Å"sheep in a meadow in the fog†. On each side of this backdrop are doors: the entrance to the bar and the other the to the bathroom. The emphasis on details can be noticed in the set with the signs that are posted on either side of the bathroom door, which swings freely when pushed. The door has a board on it the says ‘OUI’ and when it is flung in the opposite direction it too says ‘OUI’ a creative and pun intended ‘wee wee’. This is a subtlety in the stage design that brings the humor away from the actual text and into an unusual place, the set. Little things like these accentuate my appreciation of the production as a whole. The lighting is also something that was exceptionally well done. The designers used a large amount of light with soft yellow and orange tones to give an overall feeling of warmth to the setting. The day moves from morning to night with the most drastic change at nightfall where the tones switch to blues and the star light shine across the cyclorama. It is perhaps the blocking from the director and the skills of the actors though that makes this performance so wonderful. The technique of layering was used by both in howShow MoreRelatedAnnual Ring Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pagesa working-class area long time ago. As you can imagine, they were very poor back in the days. However, people who lived in the area were inspired by the colors and the rural aspect of Montmartre that recognizes Picasso and another famous cabaret, the Lapin Agile. There is a Musee Picasso in Paris. If you are interested in art, I recommend you visit there. It is located in 3 arrondissement. (Destination 360, 2017) After you enjoy and rest your feet at a cafà © in the Quartier Montmartre, head north

The Security Issues Revolving Around Wireless Networks

Introduction Wireless computer networks have become very common in the past several years. The convenience with which computer users can utilize internet connections, without having a network cable attached to their computers, makes wireless networks extraordinarily popular in today’s on-the-go society. Homes, offices, and public businesses (e.g., hotels, coffee shops, restaurants, etc.) all frequently have active wireless computer networks. As is the case with hard-wired computer networks, security is very important in wireless networking environments, even more so because one is not physically connected to the network. This paper will examine many of the security issues revolving around wireless networks, as well as ways to protect such networks from vulnerabilities and attacks. Motivation A hacker who wishes to break into or eavesdrop onto a wireless network may possess one or more of the following motives for attempting such action: †¢ Challenge †¢ Greed †¢ Malicious intent The challenge motive involves an individual breaking into a system simply to gain access or proceed beyond a barrier, without causing any actual harm or stealing or destroying data. A â€Å"challenger† may typically brag to his or her friends about successfully penetrating a system, in a way expressing a sense of accomplishment. Greed involves a desire to gain something from the attack. Credit card numbers, bank accounts numbers, passwords, and classified trade secrets are just a few examples ofShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of The First Operating System1728 Words   |  7 Pagespose several issues, some of which are a direct result of these technologies themselves. The most recent trends in computing are gearing towards smaller, portable, wireless devices which rely heavily on network resources. Mobile computers have become all the rage, and have sparked entirely new categories of computer devices like tablets and smartphones. These mobile computers, as resourceful as they are, create numerous issues for developers and users alike, such as system security, performanceRead MoreBasic Functioning Principle of a Satellite Communication System2245 Words   |  9 Pages1.Introduction In today’s ultra modern civilization, with features like wireless communications, high definition television broadcasting and Internet access almost in any point of the world the use of the so called telecommunication satellites is unavoidable. The continuous growth of the satellite industry is due to the fact of the many advantages of it, like low costs, big covered areas, possibility of broadcasting and many others. In the present project there will be presented the basic functioningRead MoreBranchless Banking11637 Words   |  47 Pagesquarter-century a theatrical consolidation occurs among banks. For instance, in the US there are about 7,600 commercial banks these days, down from around 13,000 in 1980. on the other hand, simultaneously, the tall pace of bringing in modernizations8, the rising intricacy of dangers, quick amendments in economic transportation like electronic networks, the budding function of institutional depositors, and robust and further multifaceted link s among banks and capital markets, guide to budding qualmsRead MoreJapan Net Bank Case Analysis7087 Words   |  29 Pagesby traditional banks. tC JNB already had 130,000 accounts in April 2001, merely six months after it opened shop. But in order for it to maintain a sustainable competitive position in the long-term, Miyai needed to tackle several important issues. How could the Company maintain the interest and support of its large shareholders? What advantage could be gained from the established customer bases and marketing channels of its alliances? In other words, how could the company best manage itsRead MoreJapan Net Bank: Japan‚Äà ´s First Internet-Only Bank7091 Words   |  29 Pagescustomers. It aimed at winning one million accounts and  ¥1 trillion deposits and becoming profitable by the financial year 2002. But it needed to resolve a number of issues before being able to achieve long-term success in the face of strong competition from bricks-and-mortar banks and new Internet-only banks. One of those issues was about how to meet with wide fluctuations in usage without over-investing; the other was alliance management, i.e., how to co-operate with alliance partners to achieveRead MoreMobile Payment18262 Words   |  74 PagesGaming and virtual money – A view from the bottom of the pyramid – mHITs in Australia 29 Regulations and standards 40 Risks and challenges 44 About KPMG  © 2007 KPMG, a Hong Kong partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative. All rights reserved. 2 Mobile payments in Asia Pacific Introduction from Sean Choi and David Collins Seung Hwan (Sean) Choi This KPMG thought leadershipRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 PagesPart VI Implementing and Managing IT 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Chapter 17 IT Strategy and Planning Information Technology Economics Acquiring IT Applications and Infrastructure Security Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society Movie Piracy Learning Objectives 17.1 Perspectives on IT Impacts 17.2 IT Is Eliminating the Barriers of Time, After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Space, and Distance Understand the changesRead MoreNokias Human Resources System144007 Words   |  577 PagesForm 20-F 2010 Nokia Form 20-F 2010 As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 11, 2011. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 20 ­F ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 Commission file number 1 ­13202 Nokia Corporation (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Republic of Finland (Jurisdiction of incorporation) KeilalahdentieRead MoreApplications of Operations Management Concepts3067 Words   |  13 PagesUnstable and unpredictable market turmoil from various sectors of industries with particular reference to the UK has seen major companies battling the slowdown in consumer spending due to the ongoing effects of the credit crunch which threatens job security (Harding Elliot 2008). The snowball effect of the faltering economy has caused companies and establishments to redesign their marketing strategies and approach towards consumers as well as employ various forms of operations management conceptsRead MoreComputer Networking: a Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 4th Edition - Solutions to Review Questions and Problems27823 Words   |  112 Pagesprogram requests and receives services from the server program. 4. 1. Dial-up modem over telephone line: residential; 2. DSL over telephone line: residential or small office; 3. Cable to HFC: residential; 4. 100 Mbps switched Etherent: company; 5. Wireless LAN: mobile; 6. Cellular mobile access (for example, WAP): mobile 5. HFC bandwidth is shared among the users. On the downstream channel, all packets emanate from a single source, namely, the head end. Thus, there are no collisions in the downstream

Low Morale of Prisoners Free Essays

The prison employees safety is in jeopardy. Prison positions always carried a moderate amount of risk. Prisons are filled with people who believe that rules and regulations serve no purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Low Morale of Prisoners or any similar topic only for you Order Now These people violated the rules to the extent that they were removed from society.   Prisoners never deny nor apologize for their behavior. Making excuses for uncivilized behavior allows the low morale to never be acknowledged. Refusing to acknowledge the low morale problem among prisoners stops solutions from being possible. Causes of the Low Morale Among Prisoners There are as many outside influences for the low morale of prisoners as their own beliefs and opinions.   Giving in to easily to persuasion, wanting to be accepted, wanting friends and associates are the factors that are least acknowledged. Psychiatrists analyze   behavior and characteristics by social skills. However, wanting to have friends and please people leaves an opening to be influenced into unacceptable behavior. Today, no one can be certain if associates are really friends or enemies. Some of the current studies are mental illnesses, malnutrition, isolation, guards behavior and lack of rehabilitation and psychiatric programs are causing prisoners to have a lower regard for human life. Psychological games the guards use to cause the inmates to lose their individuality and focus contribute to low morale.   The system is set up so the prisoners frame of mind never changes for the better. Segregation in Maximum Security Prisons In maximum security prisons, â€Å"The prisoners spend 23 hours a day in small well lit cells, for one hour a day they have access to one small concrete recreation area† (Bender, November 4, 2005, P 15).   According to the study from Psychiatric News, segregation worsens behavior. With conditions like these, the prisoners learn is if they survive another day, they are doing the right thing.   They lose all knowledge of social skills. The only mental health treatment they are allowed is a brief time with the psychotherapists. The counseling is conducted in front of other inmates cells. Lack of treatment for drug and alcohol addiction is another problem in the prisons. â€Å"So far, one prisoner who repeatedly ends up in prison cost tax payers over $200,00† ( Imse, 2007).   The system does very little to correct the situation. The drug addicts cannot overcome the habit on their own. According to the Rocky Mountain News, the expenses of the medication and therapy is one of the reasons many prisoners do not get the proper treatment they need. According to the Human Rights Watch article, prisoners spent at least 23 hours during their daily activities along. The majority of damage to the prisoners is psychological. There is very little or no evidence of physical abuse. Mental humiliation and torture is impossible to prove. Conclusion Maximum security prisoners have a very low morale because of the psychological abuse they go through day after day. According to the latest research, isolation has the biggest impact on prisoner’s behavior. They are isolated, but are constantly watched. People in maximum security prisons are segregated because they have came across   secrets they were not supposed to. Bender, E, Psychiatric News (November 4, 2005), Volume 40, Number 21, P 15  © 2005 American Psychiatric Association Human Rights Watch (2000) HWR.ORG Imse, A, (Feb 16, 2007) Rocky Mountain News. Revolving Door to State Prisons Human Rights Watch, (February 2000) Vol. 12, No 1 G Out of Sight: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in the United States How to cite Low Morale of Prisoners, Essay examples

Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Essay Example

Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Essay Peoples should do more of an attempt to maintain factors of their life private. For illustration when you see some people on Facebook updating about what they had for breakfast. I do non believe we need to cognize that isn’t them genuinely showing themselves nevertheless that seems to be what they think they are making. You shouldn’t express yourself via the cyberspace it should be what you do in certain state of affairss and how you do it that express who you are. Today. many seem to non to desire to maintain some enigma about them. In add-on. the cyberspace does do this hard as all you have to make is ‘Google’ person and you can happen out where they live. work. what their avocations are and even who their household are. Initially. the fact you can happen this information so easy is improbably chilling. Besides it takes off the enigma of run intoing person and acquiring to cognize them when you can flick through their Facebook images and happen out what they wore last Christmas. We expect people to esteem our privateness but so we go and post all our inside informations. this makes us dissemblers. I understand non everyone may make this but the bulk do. if you post images on the cyberspace. set your name and figure anyplace you are giving off your privateness. We will write a custom essay sample on Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even the authoritiess can non esteem our privateness. They put security cameras on every corner. in every edifice. Intelligibly they prevent and solve offenses but as a consequence it removes our privateness. Besides. it is a immense factor in being a ‘nanny state’ where we no longer have any privateness or the freedom to do determinations. They should esteem our privateness and swear their people. However. should they esteem our privateness if we think we have the right to cognize about their private lives? For illustration. we know all about Arnold Schwarzenegger’s love kid but should we be privy to this information it doesn’t affect is ability to make his occupations. Besides football participants are a good illustration as many of them have personal businesss but it doesn’t affect how they play. Why do we cognize intimate inside informations of their life? Why do we experience we have the right to it? We wouldn’t want everyone in our street cognizing inside informations like that allow entirely desiring it to be common cognition internationally. We should esteem their privateness every bit long as it does non impact how they act publically. In decision. even though the media may non esteem some individual’s privateness and the authoritiess may take ours as a bi-product of protecting us people should do more of an attempt to maintain some factors of their life private. As I said at the get downing people should retain some enigma and express themselves genuinely by what they do and how they do it. Yet. they may experience free to show themselves by stating us about their breakfast if it is a humourous anecdote or an interesting metaphor.

Humans Impact Essays

Humans Impact Essays Humans Impact Essay Humans Impact Essay Over The years the planet has been changing. Humans are a huge part of that change. The impact that humans have on the planet is not good at all, because of our species; the ozone is thinning from all the air pollution. The astronauts are making the ozone layer even thinner by breaking it open as they travel through it to get to planets. Theres a garbage patch in the middle of the Pacific Ocean bigger than two football fields. The water is no longer safe in some places to drink because of the oil spills. Its not only bad for us, it is worse for the fish and marine animals that are wing every minute. We kill trees to make, the very paper Im writing on now, so that we can build factories, homes and businesses. We can change the impact we have on our planet, but we choose to continue to pollute the air with our cars and factories. We choose to continue to throw our garbage out and not recycle. We choose to continue to drill oil. We choose to drill for gold. We choose to drill for silver. We choose to let the marine animals die because of the toxins we put into the water. We choose to continue to cut down trees to make paper, homes, factories, and businesses. Its our choice, but are we making the right one? No! Our impact on the planet has caused a great deal of problems. We can recycle. We can drill for gold, silver, oils, and diamonds less. We can stop cutting down trees. We can be more active on a daily basis, like riding a bike or walking. We can walk up and down the stairs instead of using an elevator or an escalator. We can use cars that are solar. We can use street cars. We can be less materialistic. We can choose a different lifestyle! All you have to do is stop and protest air pollution. Stop and minimize the garbage you are throw away. Stop water pollution and help people who need water to survive. Stop and minimize your use of paper. Stop throwing your toxins in the water and safely dispose of it. Stop killing our marine animals and help keep them safe. Stop drilling into the earth and help save it. Stop cutting down trees and plant more. Stop and look around to what the world has become. Our impact on the planet need to change. Now! Humans Impact By debut-levelheaded The Impacts Humans Have on the Planet Speech By: Cheyenne D-L and Emily H

48 Inspiring, Wise, and Witty Quotes to End Your Emails

48 Inspiring, Wise, and Witty Quotes to End Your Emails Your email signature- an optional footer you can add to every message you send out- is an ideal place to put your name and contact information, so people can easily reach you in a variety of ways. If youre using personal email, its also a field where you might add a quote- a few short words that are inspiring, wise, or humorous to enlighten the reader. The remarks of famous writers, politicians, activists, and entertainers can serve as personal statements in the digital age. Find a quote that speaks to you and then use it as a sign-off at the end of your emails. Inspiring Quotes These quotes from Maya Angelou to Confucius to Mark Twain were handpicked to help the seeker in all of us- to keep us bounding forward even during the most challenging days. Maya Angelou We may encounter many defeats, but we must not be defeated. Walter Bagehot The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do. Simone de Beauvoir Change your life today. Dont gamble on the future, act now, without delay. Josh Billings To bring up a child in the way he should go, travel that way yourself once in a while. Confucius The more man meditates upon good thoughts, the better will be his world and the world at large. William Hazlitt The more we do, the more we can do. Gary Player The harder you work, the luckier you get. Jim Rohn Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment. Eleanor Roosevelt With the new day comes new strength and new thoughts. Charles R. Swindoll Life is 10 percent what happens to you and 90 percent how you react to it. Rabindranath Tagore You cant cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water. Mark Twain The secret of getting ahead is getting started. Wise Quotes An email signature can be a place to share a nugget of wisdom, something that expresses your personal values or outlook on life. If you work in education, you might choose a quote about teaching or learning. If youre a writer or a painter, you might choose a quote about the power of art. Bill Clinton There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. Paul Ehrlich To err is human, but to really foul things up you need a computer. Euripides Friends show their love in times of trouble, not in happiness. Robert Frost In three words I can sum up everything Ive learned about life. It goes on. Gandhi There are limits to self-indulgence, none to self-restraint. Khalil Gibran The teacher who is indeed wise does not bid you to enter the house of his wisdom but rather leads you to the threshold of your mind. Omar Khayyam Be happy for this moment. This moment is your life. Thomas La Mance Life is what happens to us while we are making other plans. Jawaharlal Nehru Life is like a game of cards. The hand that is dealt you represents determinism; the way you play it is free will. General George S. Patton Jr. Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do and they will surprise you with their ingenuity. Pablo Picasso The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls. Josiah Royce Thinking is like loving and dying. Each of us must do it for himself. Rumi Let the beauty of what you love be what you do. Bertrand Russell No one gossips about other peoples secret virtues. George Sand There is only one happiness in this life, to love and be loved. William Shakespeare A fool thinks himself to be wise, but a wise man knows himself to be a fool. Robert S. Surtees It is better to be killed than frightened to death. Oscar Wilde Keep love in your heart. A life without it is like a sunless garden when the flowers are dead. William Butler Yeats Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. Witty Quotes Email signatures dont have to be serious. If youre known for being lighthearted and making people laugh, you might be happier using a funny email signature, such as a quote from a comedian. A snappy one-liner or a clever zinger can leave the person on the other end with a smile- just be sure you know your audience well. Fred Allen I dont want to own anything that wont fit into my coffin. Woody Allen I am thankful for laughter, except when milk comes out of my nose. Louis Hector Berlioz Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately, it kills all its pupils. Red Buttons Never raise your hands to your kids. It leaves your groin unprotected. George Carlin The day after tomorrow is the third day of the rest of your life. Lawrence Ferlinghetti If youre too open-minded, your brains will fall out. Carrie Fisher Instant gratification takes too long. Benjamin Franklin Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, and half-shut afterward. Fran Lebowitz Youre only as good as your last haircut. P.J. ORourke Cleanliness becomes more important when godliness is unlikely. Charles M. Schulz I never made a mistake in my life. I thought I did once, but I was wrong. George Bernard Shaw Youth is wasted on the young. Lily Tomlin Man invented language to satisfy his deep need to complain. Mark Twain Go to Heaven for the climate, Hell for the company. Never put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow. Mae West I generally avoid temptation unless I cant resist it. Steven Wright If at first you dont succeed, then skydiving definitely isnt for you.

Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Malcolm X - Essay Example A. Emotional/mental trauma The film portrays the emotional/mental trauma felt by Malcolm "Detroit Red" Little (later known as Malcolm X) in his personal life. One can easily identify that the grass root level reason behind his earlier life as criminal was the problems in his personal life. One can see that untimely death of his father affected his development as a child. Besides, his mother’s status as a single parent eventually led to metal illness and its after-effects. So, emotional/mental trauma felt by Malcolm is the integral part of the film. B. Crime Crime is not the main theme of the film because the film aims to unveil Malcolm’s transformation from a criminal to a religious reformer and a leader. But Malcolm’s earlier life was interconnected with crime and incarceration. So, the director did not neglect Malcolm’s earlier life as a criminal. Reynolds points out that â€Å"The film moves back and forth in time, showing how the brutality affecting M alcolm’s family history is internalized through his transformation into â€Å"Red† the gangster† (64). To be specific, economic problems forced him to lead the life of a criminal. For instance, in the film, Malcolm and his friend conducted a robbery, which ultimately led them towards incarceration. C. Racism The director makes use of an indirect way to introduce the theme of racism in the film. Malcolm’s life in the prison, especially his friend’s influence, is significant in educating him on racism. But Baines (Malcolm’s friend) utilizes the chance to attract him towards Islamic faith, not to fight against racism and related issues. In the end, Malcolm was ready to change his views on racism because religious conversion did not help him to solve his problems. D. Religious perspective Malcolm’s transformation from a criminal to a religious leader did not help him much to reform his community. To be specific, his transformation as the m ember of the Nation of Islam and the follower of Elijah Muhammad limited his scope as a social reformer. For instance, his views on racism were influenced by Islamic ideology. In the film, his increased influence among the members of the Nation of Islam forced Elijah Muhammad to turn against him in the end. Character sketches Malcolm X, Betty X, Baines and Elijah Muhammad are the most important characters in the film. A. Malcolm X (Denzel Washington): Malcolm X is the protagonist of the film and almost all the characters revolve around this character. Besides, the protagonist’s transformation from a criminal to a religious/ social reformer is the most important factor behind the development of the plot. Lee provides ample importance to the character of Malcolm because this character represents the historical development of religious/ social reformation in the mainstream society. B. Betty X (Angela Bassett  ) In the film, Betty X is Malcolm X’s wife. But she does not have any particular influence upon her husband. Her role in the film is overshadowed by Malcolm’s character. From a different angle of view, Malcolm’s wife is entrapped within her domestic domain. Within this context, her role was to look after her children, not to influence her husband. In some situations, she acted the role of a medium for Malcolm to communicate with his followers. For instance, when he was in Mecca, he used his wife as a

Public Relations Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Relations Strategy - Essay Example However, in order to formulate a successful strategy, it is critical that a proper strategic management process is followed. This process is a step by step process which involves different stages through which organizational strategy has to pass through in order to be effective. Such process involves a detailed situational analysis i.e. the process of taking into account the external as well as internal factors before framing and formulating an strategy. The situational analysis also allows an organization to set its strategic objectives and bases on such objectives; strategies are designed to achieve such strategic objectives. Further, organizations also need to choose the tactics and then subsequently communicating the same to the stakeholders so that the same can easily disseminated to all the relevant stakeholders. "Public Relations is the profitable integration of organization's new and continuing relationships with the stakeholders including customers by managing all communications contacts with the organization that create and protect the brand and reputation of the organization"(Cawood,1997) British Petroleum or BP is one of the oldest companies in this line of business having more than 100 years of experience. Listed on London Stock Exchange, BP was formed during 1909 as Anglo-Persian Oil Company and has successfully transformed itself into one of the highly successful firms in the world. BP claims to be one of the largest energy companies in the world providing efficient fuel for transportation, energy for heating as well as light and offering other retail petrochemical products for use in everyday life. BP has the presence in over 100 countries with more than 90,000 employees working for it in different countries drilling more than 3 million barrels of oil per day. Such huge level of operations is only possible due to the successful management of the firm in strategic manner through diversification of its brands which cater to the needs of the different segments of the market. It is also critical to note that British Government has remained one of the shareholders of the firm during 1950s however; the stakes of UK government were subsequently sold during 1970s in order to give the firm more freedom and creativity to flourish as the third largest energy company in the world. BP is technically engaged into the exploration and production of petroleum and petroleum related products, refining them and subsequently marketing them. Apart from this, the firm is also involved into the production of different chemicals such as engine oils etc. Some Statistics about BP1 As of December 2007, 1. BP had the market capitalization of over GBP 230 Billion. 2. Sales and operating revenue of approximately GBP 284 Billion. 3. Number of total shareholders is in excess of 1 million. 4. Its proven reserves of the gas and oil were approximately over 17 billion barrels out of which 57% of the reserves are oil whereas rest comprises of the natural gas. 5. It produces 2.4 million barrels of oil and 8.1 billion cubic feet of natural gas from its various sites operated at multiple locations across the world. 6.

Value of the Biopsychosocial Model of Health

Value of the Biopsychosocial Model of Health Various approaches of rehabilitation based on scientific models are implemented to cope with disabilities, impairments, diseases (Lorenzo, M, 1999, p.1). Before the implementation of Biopsychosocial model, Biomedical model was traditionally practised and heavily used upon assessing patient. (Engel, 1977, p.130). Engel (1977, p.131) states that biomedical model illustrates the alteration of particular biochemical is commonly assessed in a specific diagnosis in relevant to the pattern of the disease. He also mentioned that additional concepts and frames of reference should be taken into account. Biopsychosocial model is said to be an improved model than biomedical model as it is a way of examining patients at the two important interlinked systems: mind-body connection. (Engel, 1977, p.132). This model was proposed by psychiatrist George Engel in a 1977 article in Science. This biopsychosocial model treats patients from biological, psychological and sociological aspects of body (Lakhan, 2006). Unlike biomedical model, psychological and sociological was not being emphasised as it solely examine the biological aspect (Erskine et al, 2003, p.173). The most obvious dissimilarity of Biopsychosocial model than Biomedical model is that Biopsychosocial model encourages patients active participation whilst Biomedical model is not much a model which promotes patient-centred care in terms of appreciating the individual needs and right of patients, understanding patients illness and health care experiences, and embracing them within effective relationships which enable patients to participate in clinical reasoning more (Ersser, 2008, p.68). Biopsychosocial model approach was used during a clinical placement; Mdm. C went for her first treatment in physiotherapy department after being referred case from an orthopaedics doctor to a physiotherapist. Mdm. C is a 56 years old housewife who is diagnosed with shoulder osteoarthritis. Shoulder osteoarthritis typically affects patients over 50 years old and it is more common in patients who have a history of prior shoulder injury as well as genetic predisposition (Cluett, 2009). Mdm. C was having language barrier with the physiotherapist responsible, Mr. S as she is incompetent in speaking English and Malay. Immediately, Mr. S finds another assistant who is able to communicate to her in Mandarin (Chinese). Despite the barrier faced, Mdm. C was greeted nicely by the Mr. S. Based on the physicians report, Mdm. Cs condition fulfilled the symptoms of shoulder osteoarthritis: inflammation and degeneration of cartilage, pain with activities, limited range of motion, stiffness of the sh oulder, swelling of the joint, tenderness around the joint, and a feeling of grinding or catching within the joint (Cluett, 2009). Both objective and subjective assessment is carried out to initiate the treatment as well as to identify and confirm the biological aspects. (Petty, 2004) While assessing Mdm. C subjectively, Mr. S communicates with Mdm. C whole-heartedly, questioning her about her background, her career, social life, daily habitual routines. Petty and Moore (2007, p. 130) states that this would ease the physiotherapist to investigate more about the initial cause of the deformity as well as to treat her effectively in achieving the short-term and permanent goal in rehabilitation. Physiotherapist practised active listening while listen with heart of compassion, patience and without any judgmental view. Physiotherapist should also choose words carefully and meaningfully without stepping into patients borderline by using open-ended questions to search for information until full understanding is achieved. Sensitive verbal and non-verbal communication is witnessed throughout the session (Petty and Moore, 2007, p.130). Physiotherapists attempt to enquire more about Mdm. C is successful as Mdm. C became more comfortable in exposing and describing more about her complains of pain. This indirectly allows the physiotherapist to gather more information for a better rehabilitation outcome at ease. Engel (1977, p.130) states that more information needs to be gathered during consultation as physiotherapists need to find out about the patients biological signs, psychological state, their feelings and beliefs about the illness, and social factors such as their relationship with families and larger community. Thus, the interview process acts as a mean for the patient to give as much information as possible not solely based on physical symptoms, but how the illness affects the patient. (Engel, 1977, p.130) Physiotherapist started the objective assessment with the examination of posture of Mdm. C in sitting and standing, noting the posture of the shoulders, head and neck, thoracic spine and upper limbs. Physiotherapist notes bony and soft tissue contours around the region. He checked the alignment of the head of humerus with the acromion as this can give clues about the possible mechanical insufficiencies. Mr. S pinch-grips the anterior and posterior aspects of the humerus, passively corrects any asymmetry to determine its relevance to the Mdm. Cs problem (Petty, 2006, p. 212). Objective assessments are accompanied by other tests and after all been carried out, Mr. S had drafted out the treatment plan for Mdm. C. Mr. S then carefully and slowly explained the treatment to Mdm. C and set a short-term goal for her as it would not be a burden for Mdm. C in short duration. Mdm. C also benefits from getting a better idea of her conditions, treatment alternatives, and expected improvements. Sullivan (2007, p.11) states that anticipated goal and expected outcome can address in predicted change in overall health, risk reduction, and prevention and optimization of patient satisfaction. He also states that this would further encourage faster recovery. Mr. S then applied hot packs on Mdm. Cs shoulder as heat helps to prepare the tissues for stretching and should be performed prior to any exercise sessions (Anderson, 2009). Time duration for 10-15 minutes are used for the treatment and several layering were used to wrap to hot pack to avoid burning of skin. Thermo therapy is believed to relax muscle tightness and to relief pain, reduce muscle spasm, and increases blood circulation (Inverarity, 2005). Mr. S then teaches Mdm. C simple exercises to facilitate her restricted movements. Before starting the treatment, Mr. S demonstrated the exercise slowly and gave short, clear and easy-to-understand instructions and explanations about the treatment without using scientific jargons and labels to enhance the understanding of Mdm. C as wells as to minimize the emotional distress (O Sullivan and Precin, 2007, p.56). This consider patients empowerment into account as physiotherapist informed and explained the treatment options to patients before commencing the exercise onto patient herself. The exercises given are: finger walk, towel stretch, and armpit stretch. The goal of these exercises is to stretch the shoulder to the point of tension without pain (Anderson, 2009). Mr. S monitored Mdm. Cs psychological aspects properly by observing Mdm. Cs facial expression and body language. Facial expressions act as an indicator of patients psychological affection(Petty, 2004). It would somehow affect the quality of exercises performed by patient. By observing patients facial expression, it tells physiotherapist how they are feeling while doing exercises and whether they are comfortable doing it or not (Petty, 2004). For instance, if Mdm. C feels like giving up due to fatigue and disappointment doing exercises, Mr. S would act as a motivator to motivate her to continue her efforts by encouraging and supportive words like, Dont stop, youre almost there, Keep going, youre doing very well, You can do it, its easy, Hang in there, just a while more, Youre doing very good, come lets finish it together, this indirectly would comfort the patients psychological discomforts and motivate her to be on the right track. Mr. S enquired again, if Mdm. C is comfortable with t he given exercises to ensure that Mdm. C knows what she is doing and why is she feeling this way, and how does she cope with it if she feels like giving up due to tiredness. These covered the psychological aspects (Petty and Moore, 2007, p. 131). Though Mdm. C came alone for this treatment, she was encouraged by both Mr. S and his assistant who are competent in Mandarin throughout the session. Thus, Mdm. C knows that she is not doing it alone. When the treatment session is over, Mr. S gave Mdm. C few sheets of paper containing the exercises she did earlier. Mr. S contacted Mdm. Cs nearest kin, her daughter to stress the importance of home exercises and to ensure that Mdm. C constantly does that at home, as well as to encourage the family members to participate in the exercises in helping Mdm. C to improve her muscle strength and relieve the symptoms. Mr. S educates the family members about precaution and safety at home. Mr. S strongly encouraged family members to accompany Mdm. C for her next scheduled treatment so to overcome the language barrier and to make the family involved. These cover the sociological aspects of treatment. Sullivan, (2007, p. 52) states that Social support helps the increased of self-esteem, adjusting and adapting oneself with disability. Biopsychosocial model takes into consideration of patients involvement in treatment, patients needs, and patients relationship with clinician during a clinical practise as this model comprises the biological, psychological, sociological aspects of a patient. To conclude, biopsychosocial model is practical, applicable, and agreeable as it brings enormous improvements on patients condition. (1497 words)

Savings Account

HSBC is one of the biggest financial institutions in the world. It provides banking and other financial services to its clients across the globe. Because of this, HSBC have come up with a suitable slogan stating, â€Å"We are the world's local bank. † Furthermore, its headquarters is located in London but its group of global networks expands to more than 9,500 in 86 countries in North and South America, Africa, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. One of HSBC’s advantages over the others is that it has able to utilize technology and e-commerce to be able to meet the comprehensive needs and wants of its diverse clients (HSBC, 2009). Moreover, owning a house is the ultimate dream for some people. For many individuals with meager to average income, buying a house is a long and costly process. But due to the existence of banks, the dream of owning a house can become a reality. With HSBC, there are numerous ways on how people can save money to buy a house. In line with this, HSBC offers the Regular Saver account wherein customers can avail of a fixed rate ranging from 1 to10% monthly which is calculated based on the â€Å"daily cleared balance and paid on first anniversary of account opening. † More so, this type of account prevents any partial withdrawal which can help clients to save more money. Also, individuals can conveniently apply for this product through phone or to the nearest HSBC branch. For as low as ?250 a month, customers can open their savings account at HSBC and in the succeeding months they can increase their deposit to gain more profit. For example, â€Å"a total of ?3,000 will be paid into your account during the 12 month term. At 10% interest, you will earn approximately ?163 interest. † The features of the account aid in facilitating a better method of increasing the money saved by the clients Through HSBC’s Regular Saver account, average income earning individuals can save enough money for at least a year in order to pay for the deposit when buying for a house (HSBC, 2009). References HSBC. (2009). About HSBC. Retrieved March 30, 2009, from http://www.hsbc.com/1/2/about-hsbc HSBC. (2009). Regular Saver. Retrieved March 30, 2009, from http://www.hsbc.co.uk/1/2/personal/savings/regular-saver;jsessionid=0000xLn6IU4OahZ1KqVs5ZY47h5:12c58n73a

Essay on Analysis of the Poem A Prayer in Spring by Robert...

Many people view spring as a season of tremendous beauty, which it is, though people never take the time to thank the creator for the majesty he has put into our world. This poem talks about the fact that we, as people, would like to have a spring without any struggle or wrong doings. We must enjoy the simple things in life. Just as spring passes just as the joyous times in our life may pass. We are asking God to give us the perfect spring and in return we will give him our thanks. In the poem â€Å"prayer in spring† by Robert Frost, the importance of living in the moment and being grateful for the gifts God has blessed us with is expressed through the use similes, metaphors, and imagery. Frost uses a plethora of figurative language to help†¦show more content†¦The use of the metaphor allows the author to say one thing while meaning another. In â€Å"A Prayer in Spring† the bird is â€Å"[t]he meteor that thrusts† (11). The darting bird and the meteor share so many characteristics. Meteors fly through the night sky as a bird darts through the spring air. A meteor is very rare and valued just as this bird is. The color of a meteor is vibrant and unique just as the bird that is being depicted in â€Å"A Prayer in Spring†. There is also a hint of irony in this metaphor because the bird, which is such a delicate thing, is being compared to the meteor, which is very destructive. The â€Å"uncertain harvest†(3) is a metaphor for the goals, which have not yet been achieved. According to Tim Peters â€Å"we are represented by the needle-billed bird, the perennially white flowers represent God, and the â€Å"happy bees† flying about the â€Å"perfect trees† represent the substance of our universe† (peter 3). He believes that each figure in the poem is a metaphor for something other than what it is said to be. Imagery is used to show the beauty of spring, and the wonderful things God has created for us to enjoy. Frost paints a picture of a perfect spring in our heads. He starts the poem by placing the image of a field of flowers in our minds: â€Å"[o]h, give us pleasure in the flowers to-day† (1). Throughout the whole poem Frost uses descriptive words to carefully describe the spring God has given us. The quote â€Å"[t]he swarm dilating

Teaching Problems - 15782 Words

PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS AND THE PROBLEMS FACED WITH TEACHING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE An analysis of the obstacles in the way of effective pupil-centred teaching and learning of the English language in Tanzanian government primary school with recommendations Katy Allen MBE Director, Village Education Project Kilimanjaro Presented at The Forum on Community of Practice of Learner Centred Learning in Tanzania held at the Tanzanian Episcopal Conference Centre, Kurasini 18th – 19th August 2008 PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS AND THE PROBLEMS FACED WITH TEACHING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. An analysis of the obstacles in the way of effective pupil-centred teaching and learning of the English language in Tanzanian government primary schools with†¦show more content†¦The textbooks need to set out many more classroom activities and exercises. The greatest need is for the teachers’ books to be in Swahili. This would be in-line with most other countries where the teachers’ materials are in the native language, or L1. For instance, in England teachers who teach French have all their teachers’ materials in English. This is essential if they are to understand the instructions and explanations. It is pretentious and suicidal in Tanzania to continue to give the teachers’ materials in English when Swahili is the commonly understood language. –2– Another problem is the lack of differentiation between the pupils and the allocation of teachers. There is urgent need to differentiate between the younger pupils and the older pupils; partly because of the pupils’ developmental stages but also because of the allocation of teachers. Thus pre-primary, Standard I and Standard II pupils have teachers who are with them all day long and the teachers allocated to those pupils tend to have lesser subject skills than those teachers allocated to older pupils. 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